A short segment of DNA that contains instructions for the development of a single trait of an organism is known as a. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Start studying Biology unit 3. ... 000 times the base unit is. B. D. Energy transfer. Mechanical energy, heat, Sound, electric current, light, and radioactive radiationThe amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree CelsiusProcess by which an atom or molecule loses an electron ( it is oxidized)Process by which an atom or molecule gains an electronEnergy cannot be created or destroyed only changed in formDisorder in the universe is continuously increasing.The amount of energy actually available to break and subsequently form other chemical bondsAny reaction in which the products contain less free energy than the reactantsThe extra energy required to destabilize the existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction.Process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energyReduce activation energy and increase the rate of the reactionsServes as the backbone to which the other two subunits are attachedAn organic molecule composed of two carbon-nitrogen ringsThe unstable bonds have a low ____ and are easily ____What happens when the bonds are broken in the phosphatesATP is not a good long-term energy storage molecule because ofThe total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organismReactions that expend energy to make or transform chemical bondsReactions that harvest energy when chemical bonds are brokenThe product of one reactions become the substrate for the next inThe elements of an organism controls to achieve coherent metabolic activityThe regulation of simple biochemical Pathways depends onThe end product of the pathway binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathwayAs more product is produced it is increasingly likely that one of the product moleculesAs the cell produces increasing quantities of the productIt automatically inhibits the ability to produce moreHarvest the energy of sunlight through photosynthesis converting radiant energy to chemical energy95% of organisms such as animals fungi most protists and most bacteriaCarbon-hydrogen (C-H) and carbon-oxygen (C-O) bondsEnzyme dismantle smaller molecules slowly harvesting energy from CH and other chemical bonds at each stagePotential energy borne by the electrons that make up the covalent bondAssociated with a proton as a hydrogen atom and is donated to some other moleculeWhen oxygen gas accepts the hydrogen atom and water is formedWhen an inorganic molecule other than oxygen except the hydrogenC6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (heat or ATP)A 10 reaction biochemical pathway that produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylationATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate bearing intermediateWhere are the enzymes that catalyze the glycolytic reactions locatedTwo ATP molecules are used and 4 are created with a net gain of twoThe six carbon molecule with two phosphates is too unstable and breaks in halfFour electrons are harvested as NADH and can be used to formMr. The visible range of the electromagnetic spectrumDisrupts bonds of DNA causing mutations leading to skin cancerRange and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbingMolecule that I'd a good absorber of light in visible range.Absorb blue and green and reflect orange and yellowPreferentially absorb violet-blue and red but has am absorption spectrum that shifts to greenCan absorb photons with a wide range of energies but not always efficientlyAbsorb blue and green and reflect orange and yellowSplitting a molecule of B- carotene into equal halves producesChlorophyll pigment is where Excitation energy is transferredExcited electron moved along a series of electron-carrier molecule in photosynthetic membraneExcited electrons generating a proton concentration gradientClusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules that absorb lightFunnels energy from many electrons to reaction centerExcitation energy resulting from absorption of a photonPasses from one pigment molecule to an adjacent molecule on it's way to reaction centerEjection of electron from bacterial reaction centerelectrons passage back to pigment drives a photon pump that promotes chemiosmosis synthesis of ATPSource of protons and are not available to join carbonEvolved and can absorb shorter wavelength higher energy photonsCells use raw materials from light reactions to build organic moleculesNADPH provides a source of hydrogens and the energetic electrons need to bind them to carbon atomsMuch of the light energy captured in photosynthesisCO2 binds to energy rich five carbon sugar RuBP forming two three-carbon molecules of PGAEvolution doors not result in optimum solutions rather itFavors workable solutions that can be derived from others that already existSecond activity of rubisco is when O2 is incorporated into RuBP whichUndergo additional reactions that actually release CO2Photosynthesis in mesophyll cells and Calvin cycle in bundle sheath cellsPlants open stomata during the night and close them during the day to minimize water lossThree-carbon sugar Product of the Calvin cycle that is key intermediate in glycolysisGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate levels in the stroma of the chloroplast riseGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in chloroplast is converted toGlucose 1-phosphate by reversing several action similar to those in glycolysisInsoluble polymer, forming long chains of starch stored as bulky starch grains in chloroplasts
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